SWAPEROO: A Simple Wallet Architecture for Payments, Exchanges, Refunds, and Other
Operations. Proceedings of the Third USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce, Boston, MA,
September 1998. BibTeX Entry
By N. Daswani, D. Boneh, H. Garcia-Molina, S. Ketchpel,A. Paepcke.
Existing digital wallets in 1998 were typically proprietary, web‑centric, and vendor-driven,
limiting flexibility across devices (like PDAs) and payment protocols. SWAPEROO aimed to fix
this by delivering a universal, secure wallet architecture that is extensible, symmetric,
non-web-centric, and client-driven — meaning the user exclusively controls transactions and
no vendor can trigger payments without user initiation.